d.el.ed notes pdf

What is Language Teaching? Language teaching is a systematic process of helping learners listen, speak, read, and write effectively in a language. Exam Tip: Language is acquired , not memorized. This idea is rooted in constructivism .   Importance of Principles in Language Teaching Principles guide teachers to: Select appropriate methods Create learner-centered classrooms Promote natural language acquisition Avoid rote learning Major Principles of Language Teaching 1. Principle of Natural Learning Language should be learned in a natural environment , just like a child learns their mother tongue. Key Points: Learning through use and exposure No excessive grammar drilling Focus on real-life situations 📝 Exam Question Hint: Which principle emphasizes learning language like the mother tongue? ✔️ Natural Learning Principle 2. Principle of Listening and Speaking First Listening and speaking should precede reading and writing. Order of Language Skills: ...

Most Repeated Modal Questions in CTET, UPTET, KVS, NVS & DSSSB English Grammar. English Modals for CTET & UPTET: Exam-Oriented Rules, Examples and Practice Questions. Modals in English Grammar Asked in CTET, UPTET, KVS, NVS & DSSSB Exams CTET English Grammar Modals: Complete Guide with Examples & Practice Set Important Modals for Teaching Exams (CTET, UPTET, KVS, NVS, DSSSB) English Grammar Modals Made Easy for CTET, UPTET & DSSSB Aspirants. Top English Modal Questions Repeated in CTET, UPTET, KVS & NVS Exams. What Are Modals? Modals are auxiliary verbs used to express: Ability Permission Possibility Obligation Advice Certainty 📌 Modals are always followed by the base form (V¹) of the verb. 1. Can Common Uses in Exams: Ability Informal permission Possibility Model Question: She ___ swim very well. ✔ can 📌 “Can” is often used for present ability. 2. Could Common Uses: Past ability Polite request Possibili...

  An adverb is a word that modifies or gives additional information about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb . In simple words, an adverb tells us more about an action or a quality. For example, in the sentence She runs fast , the word fast tells us how she runs, so it is an adverb.  In He is very intelligent , the word very gives extra information about the adjective intelligent .  Similarly, in She speaks quite clearly , the word quite modifies another adverb clearly .  An easy way to remember this concept is: Adverb adds meaning to action or quality . Adverb = Adds meaning to action or quality Examples She runs fast . (fast → verb runs ) He is very intelligent. (very → adjective intelligent ) She speaks quite clearly . (quite → adverb clearly ) Types of Adverbs (Most Important for Exams) 1. Adverb of Manner 👉 Tells how an action is done. Examples: He writes neatly . She spoke politely . 📌 Most adverbs of manner end with “-ly” 2. Adve...