d.el.ed notes pdf

 Language is one of the most powerful tools human beings possess. For children, it is not just a means of communication but a foundation for thinking, learning, and social interaction. Among the four language skills—listening, speaking, reading, and writing— listening and speaking play a primary role in early childhood. These skills shape how children understand the world and express their thoughts, feelings, and needs. Functions of Language Language serves several important functions in a child’s life: Communication – to express needs, thoughts, and feelings Social Interaction – to build relationships and understand others Thinking and Learning – to organize thoughts and acquire knowledge Cultural Transmission – to learn values, traditions, and norms Self-Regulation – to guide behavior through self-talk Language as a Tool for Children Children use language as a tool to explore and make sense of their world. Through language, they ask “why” and “how,” negoti...

What is Language Teaching? Language teaching is a systematic process of helping learners listen, speak, read, and write effectively in a language. Exam Tip: Language is acquired , not memorized. This idea is rooted in constructivism .   Importance of Principles in Language Teaching Principles guide teachers to: Select appropriate methods Create learner-centered classrooms Promote natural language acquisition Avoid rote learning Major Principles of Language Teaching 1. Principle of Natural Learning Language should be learned in a natural environment , just like a child learns their mother tongue. Key Points: Learning through use and exposure No excessive grammar drilling Focus on real-life situations 📝 Exam Question Hint: Which principle emphasizes learning language like the mother tongue? ✔️ Natural Learning Principle 2. Principle of Listening and Speaking First Listening and speaking should precede reading and writing. Order of Language Skills: ...

  Learning and Acquisition is a very important topic in CTET, UPTET, KVS, DSSSB exams. Questions are often asked from:         Meaning of learning       Characteristics of learning       Difference between learning and acquisition       Examples based questions What is Learning? Learning is a process through which behavior changes due to experience and practice. Learning means change in behavior , knowledge , skills , or attitude because of experience . Example: A child learns to write after practice. A student learns cycling after falling many times. Characteristics of Learning Learning has some important features: Learning is a continuous process It happens throughout life. Learning brings change Change may be positive or negative. Learning is based on experience Learning does not happen without experience. Learning is not temporary It is relatively permanent. Learning i...

  Complete, exam-oriented guide on “ Articles ” in English Grammar , specially prepared for UPTET, CTET, State TET, DSSSB, KVS, and NVS exams . for practice with previous year questions  and One-page revision notes. English Grammar Articles : Rules, Previous Year Questions & Practice for TET Exams. Articles in English Grammar | Complete Guide for CTET, UPTET & DSSSB Exams Articles A, An, The – English Grammar Notes for TET & Teaching Exams English Grammar Articles with PYQs & Practice Questions for CTET & UPTET                                    ARTICLES (A, An, The) 1. Definition Articles are words used before nouns to limit or define their meaning. There are three articles in English: Indefinite Articles : A, An Definite Article : The 2. Indefinite Articles (A / An) (A) Use of A Used before: Singular countable nouns Wo...